WASTE-ECON PROGRAM
July 24 to August 31, 2000
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1. Analysis of Gains & Losses from Paper Recycling
in DUONG O Craft Village
By Group No. 1:
1. Pham
Ngoc Anh,
2. Van
Thi Tam,
3. Nguyen
Duc Toan,
4. Nguyen
Hong Viet
Since
the adoption of the first environmental directive issued by the Prime Minister
on banning fireworks production and explosion, the Duong O craft village has
experienced a real change in its traditional paper making. This highly
industrialized paper production process has resulted in serious pollution
problems in local rural environment.
But
from the environmental economics point of view, the Duong O craft village's
paper recycling plays a significant role in MSW management system of Hanoi city
as the process is primarily fed with waste paper as input materials, collected
from Hanoi city and its vicinity.
This
research was carried out to determine the pros and cons of the paper recycling
process. In the research report, economic, social and environmental gains and
losses from paper recycling were identified and analyzed. To limit or eliminate
the losses requires a large participation of various stakeholders, and among
them, local authorities and producers were included in the research.
From
the research point of view, awareness of the importance of paper recycling by
stakeholders can contribute to local environmental improvement. In addition to
the highlights of the role that Duong O
paper recycling industry plays, the research focused on analysis and
justification of the questions: whether
local authorities and producers in Duong O village have assessed the
environmental role of paper recycling, and how this has impacted the
environment.
The
research report is structured into six chapters. The research question,
objectives and methodology are presented in the first chapter. An overview of
literature is also included. The result of the research is described in
chapters 2 to 5. Conclusions and recommendations are discussed in chapter 6.
Chapter
2 gives a general outline of the Duong O
paper recycling process with materials inflow and outflow. This flow chart was
drawn from studies in the field and
relevant literature.
In
Chapter 3, the benefits of the Duong O
paper recycling process are presented. These include socio-economic and
environmental benefits as well as savings from the deferred cost of waste
collection and disposal that would have been incurred and borne by Hanoi
URENCo.
Chapter
4 presents several losses that include mainly local environmental issues, and
their indirect and direct impacts on
socio-economic systems.
Chapter
5 reviews selected local policies that have governed paper recycling. Views on
the gains and losses by local authorities and paper producers are analyzed.
Their possible responsive actions to local environmental resolution are also
assumed and assessed.
Chapter
6 presents a summary of key issues needed for further study, and considers this
short-term research to be a problem solving assignment as part of the six week
training course on Waste-Econ.
2. MSW
Collection in Hanoi - Case Study of a Non-State Collection Model in NHAN CHINH
Ward, Thanh Xuan district
By Group No. 2:
1.
Le Thanh Binh,
2.
Nguyen The Chinh,
3.
Phan Thi Hoa,
4.
Hoang Xuan Long
In the past several years, the
introduction of various reforms has resulted in improved living conditions and
accelerated urbanization in Hanoi. In addition to achievements, the city's MSW
collection and disposal require better organization through further studies.
Hanoi URENCo., developed from the original urban sanitation company, is
primarily responsible for MSW
collection and disposal services.
The
city's MSW management system must meet five fundamental criteria. These are technical, environmental, social,
economic and institutional criteria.
In
addition to the analysis of population, economic, and natural and geographic
implications to increased waste generation in the city, the research focuses on
analysis of the existing MSW management structure to identify favorable
conditions, and subjective and objective difficulties that affect its MSW
collection service. The research also
reviews the pricing system of solid waste collection fee, the existing MSW collection
system, and its proposal by JICA. The research predicts an increasing trend in
solid waste generation in the period, 2000-2020 on the basis of analysis of the
1990-2000 solid waste generation.
Having
the flexibility of a "self-governed" model of solid waste collection,
it is believed that a " non-state" model of MSW collection system
would contribute to resolution of the
current solid waste collection problem. Nhan Chinh ward of Thanh Xuan District
was selected for this case study to determine the efficiency of this "
self governed" model compared to the five named criteria, through
field-survey and analysis of its organizational structure.
Citywide
replication of this model is proposed on the basis of the result of this
research, and analysis of advantages and implications of this expansion is also
included in the research report.
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TRIEU KHUC craft village - a Case
Study
By Group No. 3:
1.
Tang The Cuong,
2.
Nguyen Ngoc Dzung,
3.
Cao Vu Phuong Khanh,
4.
Nguyen Quang Tuan
In
the past years, rapid increase in waste loads and change in its composition
toward non-degradable and less organic nature have made Hanoi's MSW management a very significant
problem. Waste reuse and recycling are
promising for solid waste management. This research explores the roles that
waste workers play in Trieu Khuc village's waste plastic collection, trade and
recycling system within Hanoi's waste economy. It also explores environmental
and social aspects of the workers with the goal of suggesting interventions to
improve relevant conditions of the system.
The
research report is divided into five main parts in addition to its Introduction
and Conclusion. The Introduction addresses the need for and questions to the
research, and presents research objectives and methodology. The second part
deals with an overview of relevant literature to refine the research need and
questions. The result of the research is presented and discussed from the third
to fifth parts.
The
third part analyses the total added value of one tonne of waste plastic at
individual recycling states from collection to final production. As the result,
distribution of income among different players including pickers, scavengers,
dealers, processors and producers, can be estimated. The number of jobs
generated by one tonne of recycled final products created at individual stages
of waste plastic collection, trade and recycling by the village can be
quantified. This part also discusses the estimated cost incurred by collecting,
transporting and disposal of one tonne of waste plastics. This cost would
otherwise be borne by Hanoi URENCo.
The
fourth part discusses social and environmental implications to those involved
in the village's recycling process. It highlights the need for further study
and resolution of existing problems such as local contaminated water, solid
waste, odor and noise pollution, facing the village. Gender issues,
particularly local children and women involved in waste collection, trade and
recycling are also discussed in it.
The
fifth part presents interventions proposed on the basis of analytical results
from Parts 3 and 4, in order to improve social and environmental conditions of
the village's recycling process. Both direct and indirect options are also
suggested to support the village's waste management system.
4.Improving
the Efficiency of
in Ho Chi Minh City
By Group No. 4:
1.
Le thi Hai Anh,
2.
Nguyen thi Thuy Loan,
3.
Nguyen Thi Thanh My,
4.
Cao Xuan Tuan
This short-term
research sought to suggest a number of measures on "Improving the Efficiency of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Collection & Transport Services in Ho Chi Minh
(HCM ) City". Available data on the existing MSW management system
including its collection and transport in HCM city were made use of by the
research.
Some fact
finding was drawn out from analysis of the system, and comparison made with the
feasibility of JICA's proposal on a future system of MSW collection and
transport. They include:
·
Technical
and financial constraints facing the MSW collection and transport system;
·
Inadequate
investment in its management to meet a growing demand;
·
Evolution
of the city's environmental management in general and (solid, liquid and gas)
waste management in particular, does not keep pace with rapid development of
urban infrastructures (including roads, electric and water supplies, and
communications, etc.); and
·
Solid waste is a key contributor to seriously
contaminated rivers and canals, impaired community health, and degraded aesthetic
value of the city.
Resolution of
solid waste issues in HCM city is a complex problem. It requires interventions
to all stages of the system including source separation, collection, transport
and ultimate disposal.
The research
team advanced some recommended measures on improving the efficiency of the
system, including:
·
Financing
initiatives to MSW collection innovation should be given due attention by all
levels of local authorities;
·
Some
experimental models of source MSW separation need to be developed and deployed,
and then the best should be replicated citywide;
·
A system of
transfer stations should be planned and constructed;
·
Local
managers' expertise should be improved and updated; and
·
Regulations
and standards on the MSW management system should be devised and applied.
Because of
timing and distance constraints facing the research, which was carried out
within the six week training program of Waste-Econ Project, these are policy
orientated recommendations on " improving
the efficiency of MSW collection and transport in HCM city".
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5. Biogas - Eco-efficiency
for Vietnam's Rural Sustainable Development
By Group No. 5:
1.
Nguyen Thi Hai Hoa,
2.
Nguyen Thanh Lam,
3.
Pham Kim Ngoc,
4.
Pham Quang Vinh
Environmental management is a globally
demanding challenge. Growing pollution and environmental degradation seriously
threaten both developed nations with high productivity as well as poorer
developing countries. Waste issues are a crucial link to an environmental
management system
Utilization
of potential values in wastes has now received growing attention. Through waste
recovery, expensive end of pipe treatment can be avoided and negative
environmental impacts may be minimized through the material cycle. Biogas is
one of these recovery measures. A biogas tank can be employed to decompose
human and animal excreta generating CH4 (methane gas) to be used as
a domestic cooking fuel.
Biogas
technology was first introduced to Viet Nam in 1964. While this technology has
now become common in the south, access to biogas information has been limited
in the north until the adaptation of an innovative biogas technology by Le
Trong Canh, an engineer, on the basis of the Taiwan biogas bag, and Indian and
Chinese biogas tanks to Vietnam's rural settings.
In
1997, an experimental tank of manure biological digestion was processed in an
experiment in Ha Tay province. This pilot project has now been replicated to
all districts across the province. Having witnessed benefits from the project,
the number of local households investing in biogas tanks has been
increasing.
The
commune Phuong Tu, Ung Hoa district
of the province, was selected as the site for this case study because of timing
limitation. It aims at assessing a commune based biogas development model and
drawing suggestions that are expected to contribute to further development and
replication of the model to all rural areas in Viet Nam.
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By Group No. 6:
1.
Nguyen Thuong Hien,
2.
Tong Quang Hung,
3.
Do Trong Mui,
4.
Nguyen Mai Ngoc
Landfill
gas is a product resulting from the
anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in landfills. Methane is a major
portion (making up 55% of total volume of landfill gases released).
This
recovery has been carried out and converted into electric power by developed
countries in North America and Western Europe with two aims:
·
Recovery of
energy from the gas for electricity and heating;
·
Global
environment protection by reducing greenhouse effect induced emissions.
In
Viet Nam, landfill gas recovery has not been practiced. These gases are
released into the atmosphere and adversely affect human and environmental
health.
This research explores the possibility of
" Nam Son landfill gas recovery for local fuel energy demand" within
the framework of the Waste-Econ training course. The research aims at
initiating landfill gas recovery that local environmentalists and others may
further research and develop a " waste to energy " approach to
landfill gas recovery to create socio-economic and environmental benefits for
the city.
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7. Solid Waste and its Environmental
Implications to
TAY HO district, Hanoi
By Group No. 7:
1.
Dinh Tu Anh,
2.
Truong Xuan Sinh,
3.
Ngo Huy Toan,
4.
Dang Anh Tuan
Like
other major urban centers in Viet Nam, MSW management in Hanoi city has become
a problem. This has been attributed to degraded infrastructure, increased
population pressure and especially lack of completely enforceable policy and
law framework.
As
an urban district of Hanoi, Tay Ho has been planned to develop a tourism and
service center for the whole capital city. While current problems such as
mismatched infrastructures, accelerated urbanization, and socio-economic
disruption caused by strong conversion of landuse are facing the district, the
inefficient management of solid waste has led to environmental pollution
causing negative impacts on community health and obstacles deterring the Tay Ho
district and Hanoi city as a whole from development.
The
research aims at assessing the current status of solid waste management and
expects some options advanced to improve management efficiency.
The research report consists of 26 pages,
nine tables and 17 figures focusing the following:
·
Identification
of waste generation sources;
·
Determination
of solid waste volume and compositions;
·
Assessment
of emerging issues in the Tay Ho district's solid waste management system
Research methodology include:
·
Retrospective
review of secondary information sources;
·
Participatory
Rural Appraisal;
·
Waste
Auditing;
·
Inventory,
Synthesis and Analysis; and
·
Comparisons
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8. The
Assessment of Waste Generation and Proposed Solution to Improve the Waste
Management Capacity
in HOAN KIEM Lake Area
By Group No. 8:
1.
Luu Duc Cuong,
2.
Nguyen Thi Minh Hien,
3.
Nguyen Quoc Tien,
4.
Nguyen Thi Diep Tu
Hoan
Kiem Lake is located in the center of the Hanoi capital. It attracts many
visitors from other areas and oversea.
However,
public waste is a problem in the Hoan Kiem Lake area. The wastes in this area
are mostly generated by visitors and people living in the Hoan Kiem Lake area.
How to solve this problem is the object of this study.
In
order to solve this problem, secondary data was collected from URONCO and Park
Management Company and then the total amount of visitors and waste littering
visitors who were divided into many criteria such as gender, age etc. was investigated.
Based
on the collected data, the characteristics of waste generators have been
analyzed and explored. After that, measures to reduce the volume of waste have
been submitted.
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